HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed digital data.[1] It represents a digital alternative to consumer analog standards, such as radio frequency (RF) coaxial cable, composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video, D-Terminal, and VGA. HDMI connects digital audio/video sources—such as set-top boxes, Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers (PCs), video game consoles (such as the PlayStation 3 and some models of Xbox 360), and AV receivers—to compatible digital audio devices, computer monitors, and digital televisions.[1]
HDMI supports, on a single cable, any TV or PC video format, including standard, enhanced, and high-definition video; up to 8 channels of digital audio; and a Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) connection. The CEC allows HDMI devices to control each other when necessary and allows the user to operate multiple devices with one remote control handset.[2] Because HDMI is electrically compatible with the signals used by Digital Visual Interface (DVI), no signal conversion is necessary, nor is there a loss of video quality when a DVI-to-HDMI adapter is used.[3] As an uncompressed connection, HDMI is independent of the various digital television standards used by individual devices, such as ATSC and DVB, as these are encapsulations of compressed MPEG video streams (which can be decoded and output as an uncompressed video stream on HDMI).
HDMI products started shipping in the autumn of 2003.[4] Over 850 consumer electronics (CE) and PC companies have adopted the HDMI specification (HDMI Adopters).[5][6][7] In Europe, either DVI-HDCP or HDMI is included in the HD ready in-store labelling specification for TV sets for HDTV, formulated by EICTA with SES Astra in 2005. HDMI began to appear on consumer HDTV camcorders and digital still cameras in 2006.[8][9][10][11][12] Shipments of HDMI were expected to exceed that of DVI in 2008, driven primarily by the CE market.[13][14]
Overview
HDMI supports, on a single cable, any TV or PC video format, including standard, enhanced, and high-definition video; up to 8 channels of digital audio; and the Consumer Electronics Control signal.[2] HDMI encodes the video data into TMDS for uncompressed digital transmission over HDMI.
HDMI devices are manufactured to adhere to various versions of the specification, in which each version is given a number, such as 1.0, 1.2, or 1.3a.[15] Each subsequent version of the specification uses the same kind of cable, but increases the bandwidth and/or capabilities of what can be transmitted over the cable.[15] For example, the previous maximum pixel clock rate HDMI interface was 165 MHz, which was sufficient for supporting 1080p and WUXGA (1920×1200) at 60 Hz. HDMI 1.3 increased that to 340 MHz, which allows for higher resolution (such as WQXGA, 2560×1600) across a single digital link.[16] An HDMI connection can either be single-link (Type A/C) or dual-link (Type B) and can have a video pixel rate of 25 MHz to 340 MHz (for a single-link connection) or 25 MHz to 680 MHz (for a dual-link connection). Video formats with rates below 25 MHz (e.g., 13.5 MHz for 480i/NTSC) are transmitted using a pixel-repetition scheme.[1]
HDMI 1.0 to HDMI 1.2a uses the CEA-861-B video standard, and HDMI 1.3+ uses the CEA-861-D video standard.[15] The CEA-861-D document defines the video timing requirements, discovery structures, and data transfer structure.[17] The color spaces that can be used by HDMI are ITU-R BT.601, ITU-R BT.709-5, and IEC 61966-2-4.[18] HDMI can encode the video in xvYCC 4:4:4 (8–16 bits per component), sRGB 4:4:4 (8–16 bits per component), YCbCr 4:4:4 (8–16 bits per component), or YCbCr 4:2:2 (8–12 bits per component).[18][19]
HDMI supports up to 8 channels of audio at sample sizes of 16-bit, 20-bit, and 24-bit, with sample rates of 32 kHz, 44.1 kHz, 48 kHz, 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz, 176.4 kHz, and 192 kHz.[20][21] HDMI also supports any IEC61937-compliant compressed audio stream, such as Dolby Digital and DTS, and up to 8 channels of one-bit DSD audio (used on Super Audio CDs) at rates up to four times that of Super Audio CD.[20] With version 1.3, HDMI supports lossless compressed audio streams Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.[20]
In the U.S., HDCP (High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection) support is a standard feature on digital TVs, while in the PC industry, it can depend on the specific model. The first computer monitors with HDCP support started to be released in 2005, and by February 2006, a dozen different models had been released.[22][23]
History
The HDMI Founders are Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial (Panasonic/National/Quasar), Philips, Silicon Image, Sony, Thomson (RCA), and Toshiba.[6] Digital Content Protection, LLC provides HDCP (which was developed by Intel) for HDMI.[24] HDMI has the support of motion picture producers Fox, Universal, Warner Bros., and Disney, along with system operators DirecTV, EchoStar (Dish Network), and CableLabs.[1]
The HDMI Founders began development on HDMI 1.0 on April 16, 2002, with the goal of creating an AV connector that was backward-compatible with DVI.[25][26][27] At the time, DVI-HDCP (DVI with HDCP) and DVI-HDTV (DVI-HDCP using the CEA-861-B video standard) were being used on HDTVs.[21][27][28] HDMI 1.0 was designed to improve on DVI-HDTV by using a smaller connector and adding support for audio, enhanced support for YCbCr, and CE control functions.[21][27][29][30]
The first Authorized Testing Center (ATC), which tests HDMI products, was opened by Silicon Image on June 23, 2003, in California, United States.[31] The first ATC in Japan was opened by Panasonic on May 1, 2004, in Osaka.[32] The first ATC in Europe was opened by Philips on May 25, 2005, in Caen, France.[33] The first ATC in China was opened by Silicon Image on November 21, 2005, in Shenzhen.[34] The first ATC in India was opened by Philips on June 12, 2008, in Bangalore.[35] A list of all the ATCs is on the HDMI website.[36]
According to In-Stat, the number of HDMI devices sold was 5 million in 2004, 17.4 million in 2005, 63 million in 2006, and 143 million in 2007.[13][37][38] HDMI is becoming the de facto standard for HDTVs, and according to In-Stat, around 90% of digital televisions in 2007 included HDMI.[13][39][40][41][42][43] In-Stat has estimated that 229 million HDMI devices were sold in 2008.[44] On January 7, 2009, HDMI Licensing, LLC announced that HDMI had reached an installed base of over 600 million HDMI devices.[7] In-Stat has estimated that 394 million HDMI devices will sell in 2009 and that all digital televisions by the end of 2009 would have at least one HDMI input.[7]
In 2008, PC Magazine awarded HDMI the 25th Annual Technical Excellence Awards in the Home Theater category for an "innovation that has changed the world".[45] Ten companies were given a Technology and Engineering Emmy Award for their development of HDMI by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS) on January 7, 2009.[46][47]
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Tukey window![w_0(n) = \left\{ \begin{matrix}
\frac{1}{2} \left[1+\cos \left(\pi \left( \frac{2 n}{\alpha N}-1 \right) \right) \right]
& \mbox{when}\, 0 \leqslant n \leqslant \frac{\alpha N}{2} \\ [0.5em]
1 & \mbox{when}\, \frac{\alpha N}{2}\leqslant n \leqslant N (1 - \frac{\alpha}{2}) \\ [0.5em]
\frac{1}{2} \left[1+\cos \left(\pi \left( \frac{2 n}{\alpha N}- \frac{2}{\alpha} + 1 \right) \right) \right]
& \mbox{when}\, N (1 - \frac{\alpha}{2}) \leqslant n \leqslant N \\
\end{matrix} \right.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/0/e/30eed1615b94b04a993dac2b96f57550.png)
that is convolved with a rectangle window of width 
. At α=0 it becomes rectangular, and at α=1 it becomes a Hann window.
Cosine window
Lanczos window
is the main lobe of a normalized sinc function
Triangular windows
Gaussian windows
Bartlett–Hann window
Kaiser windows
Nuttall window, continuous first derivative
Blackman–Harris window
Blackman–Nuttall window
Flat top window
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